- Key Distribution: In QKD, the encryption key (the secret code used to lock and unlock messages) is sent as a series of qubits. Due to the superposition principle, each qubit can exist in multiple states until it is observed.
- Observation Changes Everything: The most important rule of quantum mechanics is that observing a quantum system changes its state. This means that if a hacker tries to intercept the encryption key during transmission, the act of measuring the qubits will disturb their state. Both the sender and the receiver will instantly know that the key has been tampered with.
- Tamper-Proof Communication: If the key is altered, the communication will stop, and the sender and receiver will start over. The hacker cannot remain undetected, and no data is lost or stolen.
- Technological Barriers: Quantum systems are incredibly delicate. Qubits are highly sensitive to environmental factors like temperature and electromagnetic fields. Even the slightest disturbance can cause a qubit to lose its quantum state (a phenomenon known as decoherence). This makes it challenging to build stable quantum networks.
- Distance Limitations: Currently, quantum communication can only be carried out over relatively short distances. Scientists are working on developing quantum repeaters to extend the range of quantum networks, but this technology is still in the experimental phase.
- Cost and Infrastructure: Building a quantum internet will require entirely new infrastructure. Today’s internet relies on classical optical fibre networks, but quantum networks need specially designed hardware, including quantum routers and repeaters. The cost of building and maintaining this infrastructure could be prohibitively high in the short term.
- Quantum Memories: For a fully functional quantum internet, we need reliable quantum memories—devices that can store quantum information for long periods. Developing quantum memories that are stable and can hold information without losing it is a significant scientific hurdle.
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